Literature analysis for language learners: Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet by Axel Hägerström

Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet by Axel Hägerström : Difficulty Assessment for Swedish Learners

How difficult is Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet for Swedish learners? We have performed multiple tests on its full text (freely available here) of approximately 26,234, crunched all the numbers for you and present the results below.

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Difficulty Assessment Summary

We have estimated Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet to have a difficulty score of 63. Here're its scores:

Measure Score
easy difficult (1 - 100)
Overall Difficulty 63% 63
Vocabulary Difficulty 73% 73
Grammatical Difficulty 53% 53

Vocabulary Difficulty: Breakdown

73%

Vocabulary difficulty: 73%

This score has been calculated based on frequency vocabulary (the top most frequently used words in Swedish). It combines various measures of Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet's text analyzed in terms of frequency vocabulary: a plain vocabulary score, frequency-weighted vocabulary score, banded frequency vocabulary scores based on vocabulary of the text falling in the top 1,000 or 2,000 most frequent words, etc. Here's a further breakdown of how often the top most frequently used words in Swedish appear in the full text of Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet:

Vocabulary difficulty breakdown for Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet: a test for Swedish top frequency vocabulary

We have also calculated the following approximate data on the vocabulary in Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet:

Measure Score
Measure Score
Number of words 26,234
Number of unique words 3,107
Number of recognized words for names/places/other entities 327
Number of very rare non-entity words 2,833
Number of sentences 3,673
Average number of words/sentence 7

There is some research suggesting that that you need to know about 98% of a text's vocabulary in order to be able to infer the meaning of unknown words when reading. If true, this means that you would need to know around 3,044 words (where all the forms of the word are still counted as unique words) in Swedish to be able to read Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet without a dictionary and fully understand it.

Grammatical Difficulty: Breakdown

53%

Grammatical difficulty: 53%

Here is the further grammatical comparison on this text. You can find an explanation of all these scores below.

Measure Score
Measure Score
Automated Readability Index 8
Coleman-Liau Index 12
Type/Token Ratio (TTR) 0.118434
Root type/Token Ratio (RTTR) 0.00000451453
Corrected type/Token Ratio (CTTR) 0.00000225726
MTLD Index 47
HDD Index 58
Yule's I Index 59
Lexical Diversity Index (MTLD + HD-D + Yule's I) 55

The type-token ratio (TTR) of Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet is 0.118434. The TTR is the most basic measure of lexical diversity. To calculate it, we divide the number of unique words by the number of words in the text. For example, for this text, the number of unique words is 3,107, while the number of words is 26,234, so the TTR is 3,107 / 26,234 = 0.118434. However, the TTR is a very crude measure, as it is extremely dependent on text length. The longer the text, the lower the TTR is usually going to be, since common words tend to often repeat. Especially since the number of words in this text is more than 1,000, the TTR is not likely to give an accurate measure.

The root type-token ratio (RTTR) and corrected type-token ratio (CTTR) are measures which were suggested by researchers to partially address the problem of TTR's variance on text length. In the RTTR, the number of unique words is divided by a square of the number of words (therefore, 3,107 / (26,234 * 26,234) = 0.00000451453), while in CTTR, it is divided by a square of the number of words, multiplied twice 3,107 / 2 * (26,234 * 26,234) = 0.00000225726). However, these measures are not as easily readable, and also there is a growing body of research asserting that CTTR and RTTR do not effectively address the problems of text length. Therefore, while we do provide the full text's TTR, RTTR and CTTR on this page, these fiqures do not form part of our final calculations.

The Automated Readability Index (ARI) is one readability measure that has been developed by researchers over the years. The formula for calculating the ARI is as follows:
Formula for calculating the Automated Readability Index

The ARI should compute a reading level approximately corresponding to the reader's grade level (assuming the reader undertakes formal education). Thus, for example, a value of 1 is kindergarten level, while a value of 12 or 13 is the last year of school, and 14 is a sophomore at college. The current ARI of this text is 8, making it understandable for 8-grade students at their expected level of education.

The Coleman Liau Index (CLI) is a similar index designed by Meri Coleman and T. L. Liau, and it is supposed to compute the grade level of the reader (thus, for example, sophomore level material would be around grade 14, or year 14 of formal education, while kindergarten / primary school level material would be close to grade 1 in the CLI). The CLI is usually slightly higher than the ARI. The CLI is computed with this formula:
Formula for calculating the Coleman-Liau Readability Index

It is notable that other indexes exist, such as the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease, Gunning-Fog Score, and others, but we have chosen not to include them, since, contrary to the ARI and CLI, such other indexes are based on a syllable count and therefore arguably only work for English and not Swedish.

We compute a further compound lexical diversity index, which should range from 1 to a 100 (with the standard deviation being around 10, and its average value being around 50) - it is 55 in the present case. The compound lexical diversity index consists of the following indexes, averaged out (and also provided in the table above):

  • the Measure of Textual Lexical Diversity (MTLD) index - a measure which is based on computing the TTR for increasingly larger parts of the text until the TTR drops below a certain threshold point (around 0.7 in our case) - in which case, the TTR is reset, and the overall counter is increased; the counter is at the end divided by the number of words in text; as a result, the MTLD does not significantly vary by text length;
  • the Yule's I index (based on Yule's K characteristic inverted) - an index based on the work of the statistician G.U. Yule, who published his index of Frequency Vocabulary in his paper "The statistical study of literary vocabulary"; Yule's I takes into account the number of words in the text, and a compound summed measure of word frequency;
  • the Hypergeometric Distribution D (HD-D) index (based on vocd) - an index which assesses the contribution of each word to the diversity of the text; to calculate such contributions, a hypergeometric distribution is used to compute probabilities of each word appearing in word samples extracted from the text; then such distributions are divided by sample sizes and added up;

Our overall measure of grammatical diversity is based on a combination of the compound lexical diversity index (which includes the MTLD, Yule's I and HD-D indexes), the ARI and CLI, all normalized and given certain weight. The score should normally range from 1 to 100. In this case, the score is 53.

Other Information about Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet by Axel Hägerström

We provide you a sample of the text below, however, the full text of the Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet is also available free of charge on our website.

Sample of text:

Ett sådant erbjuder sig närmast i »jag», primärt urskild hos mina tidliga medvetenhetsytt-ringar, särskildt trötthetskänslan. Därtill höra nu å andra sidan medvetenhetsyttringarna, särskildt trötthetskänslan, jämte känsloinne- 11 ål 1 och specifika sensationsinnehåll, inordnade i jagenheten, hvilket kan ske endast genom abstraktion från deras tidliga bestämdhet. Så tillkommer tidsbestämdheten, likaledes urskild hos medvetenhetsyttringarna, med hvilken af anfördt skäl förenar sig äfven rumsbe-stämdhet. Dessa momenter förekomma samfäldt hos den förhan-denvarande trötthetskänslan, inramad i en flerhet andra medvetenhetsyttringar och innehåll. Denna är då med sin omgifning att betrakta som det totala yttersta underlaget. Delta är emellertid icke tillräckligt. 1 prsesensomdömet: jag känner mig trött insättes en saklig förbindelse mellan jaget och den nuvarande trötthetskänslan. ...

Top most frequently used words in Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet by Axel Hägerström*

Position Word Repetitions Part of all words
Position Word Repetitions Part of all words
1 det 899 3.43%
2 att 572 2.18%
3 är 511 1.95%
4 som 429 1.64%
5 den 414 1.58%
6 af 401 1.53%
7 och 397 1.51%
8 ett 359 1.37%
9 sig 347 1.32%
10 såsom 344 1.31%
11 jag 323 1.23%
12 en 291 1.11%
13 för 285 1.09%
14 till 283 1.08%
15 själf 251 0.96%
16 med 248 0.95%
17 på 246 0.94%
18 om 245 0.93%
19 icke 239 0.91%
20 Men 190 0.72%
21 kan 180 0.69%
22 medvetandet 173 0.66%
23 medvetande 160 0.61%
24 vara 160 0.61%
25 nu 156 0.59%
26 samma 155 0.59%
27 mig 155 0.59%
28 jaget 144 0.55%
29 blott 141 0.54%
30 detta 137 0.52%
31 de 130 0.5%
32 vid 116 0.44%
33 blir 111 0.42%
34 skulle 111 0.42%
35 så 110 0.42%
36 något 109 0.42%
37 utan 107 0.41%
38 genom 104 0.4%
39 måste 104 0.4%
40 sin 98 0.37%
41 man 97 0.37%
42 andra 92 0.35%
43 då 92 0.35%
44 sätt 89 0.34%
45 hos 84 0.32%
46 dess 84 0.32%
47 eller 81 0.31%
48 sådant 79 0.3%
49 därmed 77 0.29%
50 här 77 0.29%
51 inom 77 0.29%
52 från 75 0.29%
53 själft 75 0.29%
54 innehåll 74 0.28%
55 sålunda 73 0.28%
56 också 72 0.27%
57 ej 71 0.27%
58 hvilket 69 0.26%
59 själfmedvetande 68 0.26%
60 omedelbart 68 0.26%
61 objekt 65 0.25%
62 denna 65 0.25%
63 själfmedvetandet 64 0.24%
64 omedelbara 61 0.23%
65 fråga 57 0.22%
66 äfven 57 0.22%
67 har 57 0.22%
68 medvetenhetsyttringen 57 0.22%
69 objektet 57 0.22%
70 just 56 0.21%
71 annat 56 0.21%
72 öfver 53 0.2%
73 formella 48 0.18%
74 karaktär 48 0.18%
75 förbindelse 47 0.18%
76 alltid 47 0.18%
77 bestämdhet 45 0.17%
78 mellan 45 0.17%
79 medvetenhetsyttringar 44 0.17%
80 led 44 0.17%
81 medvetenhetsyttringarna 44 0.17%
82 kunna 43 0.16%
83 gifna 42 0.16%
84 in 42 0.16%
85 sådan 41 0.16%
86 endast 41 0.16%
87 hvarje 40 0.15%
88 särskilda 40 0.15%
89 därför 40 0.15%
90 momenter 39 0.15%
91 sidan 39 0.15%
92 ser 39 0.15%
93 tidliga 39 0.15%
94 vi 39 0.15%
95 själfva 38 0.14%
96 dem 38 0.14%
97 tillsammans 37 0.14%
98 ha 37 0.14%
99 afseende 36 0.14%
100 förhållande 36 0.14%
101 subjekt 36 0.14%
102 egna 35 0.13%
103 reflexionen 35 0.13%
104 ena 34 0.13%
105 föremål 34 0.13%
106 enhet 34 0.13%
107 0111 34 0.13%
108 synes 33 0.13%
109 själfvet 33 0.13%
110 därvid 33 0.13%
111 reflexion 33 0.13%
112 sitt 32 0.12%
113 betydelse 32 0.12%
114 hänsyn 32 0.12%
115 reflekteras 32 0.12%
116 förekomma 32 0.12%
117 natur 31 0.12%
118 omdöme 31 0.12%
119 än 31 0.12%
120 äro 31 0.12%
121 såvidt 31 0.12%
122 objektiva 29 0.11%
123 förekommer 29 0.11%
124 skall 29 0.11%
125 medveten 29 0.11%
126 hela 29 0.11%
127 däri 28 0.11%
128 alla 28 0.11%
129 naturliga 28 0.11%
130 hvad 27 0.1%
131 saken 27 0.1%
132 hör 27 0.1%
133 hvarandra 27 0.1%
134 redan 27 0.1%
135 fall 27 0.1%
136 märka 27 0.1%
137 förbindelsen 27 0.1%
138 mening 26 0.1%
139 slutenhet 26 0.1%
140 under 26 0.1%
141 eget 26 0.1%
142 dock 26 0.1%
143 särskildt 25 0.1%
144 nämligen 25 0.1%
145 någon 25 0.1%
146 jagets 25 0.1%
147 framträder 25 0.1%
148 förut 25 0.1%
149 kunde 25 0.1%
150 ur 25 0.1%
151 referens 25 0.1%
152 emellertid 24 0.09%
153 hvilken 24 0.09%
154 momenterna 24 0.09%
155 viss 24 0.09%
156 deras 24 0.09%
157 inordnas 24 0.09%
158 uppfattas 24 0.09%
159 sättet 24 0.09%
160 ju 24 0.09%
161 medvetenheten 24 0.09%
162 föreliggande 23 0.09%
163 emedan 23 0.09%
164 rumsliga 23 0.09%
165 all 23 0.09%
166 går 23 0.09%
167 fast 22 0.08%
168 subjektiva 22 0.08%
169 bestämma 22 0.08%
170 visserligen 22 0.08%
171 rum 22 0.08%
172 gifvet 22 0.08%
173 differens 22 0.08%
174 dessa 22 0.08%
175 abstraktion 22 0.08%
176 alls 22 0.08%
177 huru 21 0.08%
178 tid 21 0.08%
179 kvar 21 0.08%
180 jags 21 0.08%

This list excludes punctuation or single-letter words, also some different-case repeats of the same words.

If you think the text would be accessible to you, you can read it on our site (click on the cover to access):

Cover of Till analysen af det empiriska själfmedvetandet by Axel Hägerström

Other resources and languages

If you like this analysis, you should have a look at out our lists of Swedish short stories and Swedish books.

If you like literature as a means to learn languages - please take a look at our project Interlinear Books. We even have a Swedish Interlinear book available for purchase.