Legender by Selma Lagerlöf : Difficulty Assessment for Swedish Learners

How difficult is Legender for Swedish learners? We have performed multiple tests on its full text (freely available here) of approximately 20,239, crunched all the numbers for you and present the results below.

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Difficulty Assessment Summary

We have estimated Legender to have a difficulty score of 51. Here're its scores:

Measure		Score
	easy difficult	(1 - 100)
Overall Difficulty	51%	51
Vocabulary Difficulty	58%	58
Grammatical Difficulty	44%	44

Vocabulary Difficulty: Breakdown

58%

Vocabulary difficulty: 58%

This score has been calculated based on frequency vocabulary (the top most frequently used words in Swedish). It combines various measures of Legender's text analyzed in terms of frequency vocabulary: a plain vocabulary score, frequency-weighted vocabulary score, banded frequency vocabulary scores based on vocabulary of the text falling in the top 1,000 or 2,000 most frequent words, etc. Here's a further breakdown of how often the top most frequently used words in Swedish appear in the full text of Legender:

We have also calculated the following approximate data on the vocabulary in Legender:

Measure	Score
Measure	Score
Number of words	20,239
Number of unique words	4,241
Number of recognized words for names/places/other entities	724
Number of very rare non-entity words	422
Number of sentences	2,946
Average number of words/sentence	7

There is some research suggesting that that you need to know about 98% of a text's vocabulary in order to be able to infer the meaning of unknown words when reading. If true, this means that you would need to know around 4,156 words (where all the forms of the word are still counted as unique words) in Swedish to be able to read Legender without a dictionary and fully understand it.

Grammatical Difficulty: Breakdown

44%

Grammatical difficulty: 44%

Here is the further grammatical comparison on this text. You can find an explanation of all these scores below.

Measure	Score
Measure	Score
Automated Readability Index	3
Coleman-Liau Index	6
Type/Token Ratio (TTR)	0.209546
Root type/Token Ratio (RTTR)	0.0000103536
Corrected type/Token Ratio (CTTR)	0.00000517679
MTLD Index	50
HDD Index	61
Yule's I Index	63
Lexical Diversity Index (MTLD + HD-D + Yule's I)	58

The type-token ratio (TTR) of Legender is 0.209546. The TTR is the most basic measure of lexical diversity. To calculate it, we divide the number of unique words by the number of words in the text. For example, for this text, the number of unique words is 4,241, while the number of words is 20,239, so the TTR is 4,241 / 20,239 = 0.209546. However, the TTR is a very crude measure, as it is extremely dependent on text length. The longer the text, the lower the TTR is usually going to be, since common words tend to often repeat. Especially since the number of words in this text is more than 1,000, the TTR is not likely to give an accurate measure.

The root type-token ratio (RTTR) and corrected type-token ratio (CTTR) are measures which were suggested by researchers to partially address the problem of TTR's variance on text length. In the RTTR, the number of unique words is divided by a square of the number of words (therefore, 4,241 / (20,239 * 20,239) = 0.0000103536), while in CTTR, it is divided by a square of the number of words, multiplied twice 4,241 / 2 * (20,239 * 20,239) = 0.00000517679). However, these measures are not as easily readable, and also there is a growing body of research asserting that CTTR and RTTR do not effectively address the problems of text length. Therefore, while we do provide the full text's TTR, RTTR and CTTR on this page, these fiqures do not form part of our final calculations.

The Automated Readability Index (ARI) is one readability measure that has been developed by researchers over the years. The formula for calculating the ARI is as follows:

The ARI should compute a reading level approximately corresponding to the reader's grade level (assuming the reader undertakes formal education). Thus, for example, a value of 1 is kindergarten level, while a value of 12 or 13 is the last year of school, and 14 is a sophomore at college. The current ARI of this text is 3, making it understandable for 3-grade students at their expected level of education.

The Coleman Liau Index (CLI) is a similar index designed by Meri Coleman and T. L. Liau, and it is supposed to compute the grade level of the reader (thus, for example, sophomore level material would be around grade 14, or year 14 of formal education, while kindergarten / primary school level material would be close to grade 1 in the CLI). The CLI is usually slightly higher than the ARI. The CLI is computed with this formula:

It is notable that other indexes exist, such as the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease, Gunning-Fog Score, and others, but we have chosen not to include them, since, contrary to the ARI and CLI, such other indexes are based on a syllable count and therefore arguably only work for English and not Swedish.

We compute a further compound lexical diversity index, which should range from 1 to a 100 (with the standard deviation being around 10, and its average value being around 50) - it is 58 in the present case. The compound lexical diversity index consists of the following indexes, averaged out (and also provided in the table above):

• the Measure of Textual Lexical Diversity (MTLD) index - a measure which is based on computing the TTR for increasingly larger parts of the text until the TTR drops below a certain threshold point (around 0.7 in our case) - in which case, the TTR is reset, and the overall counter is increased; the counter is at the end divided by the number of words in text; as a result, the MTLD does not significantly vary by text length;
• the Yule's I index (based on Yule's K characteristic inverted) - an index based on the work of the statistician G.U. Yule, who published his index of Frequency Vocabulary in his paper "The statistical study of literary vocabulary"; Yule's I takes into account the number of words in the text, and a compound summed measure of word frequency;
• the Hypergeometric Distribution D (HD-D) index (based on vocd) - an index which assesses the contribution of each word to the diversity of the text; to calculate such contributions, a hypergeometric distribution is used to compute probabilities of each word appearing in word samples extracted from the text; then such distributions are divided by sample sizes and added up;

Our overall measure of grammatical diversity is based on a combination of the compound lexical diversity index (which includes the MTLD, Yule's I and HD-D indexes), the ARI and CLI, all normalized and given certain weight. The score should normally range from 1 to 100. In this case, the score is 44.

Other Information about Legender by Selma Lagerlöf

We provide you a sample of the text below, however, the full text of the Legender is also available free of charge on our website.

Sample of text:

Han bar en gammal, tätt åtsittande, svart kåpa. Han var brunbränd av solen och svart av smuts. Endast hans hår och skägg voro ljusa, bearbetade av regn och solsken, tills de hade kommit att få samma gröngråa färg som pilbladens undersida. Fåglarna, som foro omkring och sökte boplats, togo Hatto, eremiten, för en annan gammal pil, stäckt i sin himmelssträvan av yxa och såg liksom den verkliga. De kretsade omkring honom många gånger, foro och kommo igen, togo märke på vägen till honom, beräknade hans läge med avseende på rovfåglar och stormar, funno honom rätt ofördelaktig, men bestämde sig ändock för honom på grund av hans närhet till floden och starrtuvorna, till visthuset och materialboden. En av dem sköt pilsnabbt ner i hans utsträckta hand och lade där sin rottåga. ...

If you think the text would be accessible to you, you can read it on our site (click on the cover to access):

Other resources and languages

If you like this analysis, you should have a look at out our lists of Swedish short stories and Swedish books.

If you like literature as a means to learn languages - please take a look at our project Interlinear Books. We even have a Swedish Interlinear book available for purchase.