Literature analysis for language learners: Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom by Nathaniel Hawthorne : Difficulty Assessment for Swedish Learners

How difficult is Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom for Swedish learners? We have performed multiple tests on its full text (freely available here) of approximately 44,776, crunched all the numbers for you and present the results below.

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Difficulty Assessment Summary

We have estimated Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom to have a difficulty score of 64. Here're its scores:

Measure Score
easy difficult (1 - 100)
Overall Difficulty 64% 64
Vocabulary Difficulty 74% 74
Grammatical Difficulty 55% 55

Vocabulary Difficulty: Breakdown

74%

Vocabulary difficulty: 74%

This score has been calculated based on frequency vocabulary (the top most frequently used words in Swedish). It combines various measures of Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom's text analyzed in terms of frequency vocabulary: a plain vocabulary score, frequency-weighted vocabulary score, banded frequency vocabulary scores based on vocabulary of the text falling in the top 1,000 or 2,000 most frequent words, etc. Here's a further breakdown of how often the top most frequently used words in Swedish appear in the full text of Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom:

Vocabulary difficulty breakdown for Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom: a test for Swedish top frequency vocabulary

We have also calculated the following approximate data on the vocabulary in Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom:

Measure Score
Measure Score
Number of words 44,776
Number of unique words 8,181
Number of recognized words for names/places/other entities 1,537
Number of very rare non-entity words 2,855
Number of sentences 7,184
Average number of words/sentence 6

There is some research suggesting that that you need to know about 98% of a text's vocabulary in order to be able to infer the meaning of unknown words when reading. If true, this means that you would need to know around 8,017 words (where all the forms of the word are still counted as unique words) in Swedish to be able to read Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom without a dictionary and fully understand it.

Grammatical Difficulty: Breakdown

55%

Grammatical difficulty: 55%

Here is the further grammatical comparison on this text. You can find an explanation of all these scores below.

Measure Score
Measure Score
Automated Readability Index 4
Coleman-Liau Index 8
Type/Token Ratio (TTR) 0.182709
Root type/Token Ratio (RTTR) 0.00000408052
Corrected type/Token Ratio (CTTR) 0.00000204026
MTLD Index 73
HDD Index 67
Yule's I Index 77
Lexical Diversity Index (MTLD + HD-D + Yule's I) 72

The type-token ratio (TTR) of Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom is 0.182709. The TTR is the most basic measure of lexical diversity. To calculate it, we divide the number of unique words by the number of words in the text. For example, for this text, the number of unique words is 8,181, while the number of words is 44,776, so the TTR is 8,181 / 44,776 = 0.182709. However, the TTR is a very crude measure, as it is extremely dependent on text length. The longer the text, the lower the TTR is usually going to be, since common words tend to often repeat. Especially since the number of words in this text is more than 1,000, the TTR is not likely to give an accurate measure.

The root type-token ratio (RTTR) and corrected type-token ratio (CTTR) are measures which were suggested by researchers to partially address the problem of TTR's variance on text length. In the RTTR, the number of unique words is divided by a square of the number of words (therefore, 8,181 / (44,776 * 44,776) = 0.00000408052), while in CTTR, it is divided by a square of the number of words, multiplied twice 8,181 / 2 * (44,776 * 44,776) = 0.00000204026). However, these measures are not as easily readable, and also there is a growing body of research asserting that CTTR and RTTR do not effectively address the problems of text length. Therefore, while we do provide the full text's TTR, RTTR and CTTR on this page, these fiqures do not form part of our final calculations.

The Automated Readability Index (ARI) is one readability measure that has been developed by researchers over the years. The formula for calculating the ARI is as follows:
Formula for calculating the Automated Readability Index

The ARI should compute a reading level approximately corresponding to the reader's grade level (assuming the reader undertakes formal education). Thus, for example, a value of 1 is kindergarten level, while a value of 12 or 13 is the last year of school, and 14 is a sophomore at college. The current ARI of this text is 4, making it understandable for 4-grade students at their expected level of education.

The Coleman Liau Index (CLI) is a similar index designed by Meri Coleman and T. L. Liau, and it is supposed to compute the grade level of the reader (thus, for example, sophomore level material would be around grade 14, or year 14 of formal education, while kindergarten / primary school level material would be close to grade 1 in the CLI). The CLI is usually slightly higher than the ARI. The CLI is computed with this formula:
Formula for calculating the Coleman-Liau Readability Index

It is notable that other indexes exist, such as the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease, Gunning-Fog Score, and others, but we have chosen not to include them, since, contrary to the ARI and CLI, such other indexes are based on a syllable count and therefore arguably only work for English and not Swedish.

We compute a further compound lexical diversity index, which should range from 1 to a 100 (with the standard deviation being around 10, and its average value being around 50) - it is 72 in the present case. The compound lexical diversity index consists of the following indexes, averaged out (and also provided in the table above):

  • the Measure of Textual Lexical Diversity (MTLD) index - a measure which is based on computing the TTR for increasingly larger parts of the text until the TTR drops below a certain threshold point (around 0.7 in our case) - in which case, the TTR is reset, and the overall counter is increased; the counter is at the end divided by the number of words in text; as a result, the MTLD does not significantly vary by text length;
  • the Yule's I index (based on Yule's K characteristic inverted) - an index based on the work of the statistician G.U. Yule, who published his index of Frequency Vocabulary in his paper "The statistical study of literary vocabulary"; Yule's I takes into account the number of words in the text, and a compound summed measure of word frequency;
  • the Hypergeometric Distribution D (HD-D) index (based on vocd) - an index which assesses the contribution of each word to the diversity of the text; to calculate such contributions, a hypergeometric distribution is used to compute probabilities of each word appearing in word samples extracted from the text; then such distributions are divided by sample sizes and added up;

Our overall measure of grammatical diversity is based on a combination of the compound lexical diversity index (which includes the MTLD, Yule's I and HD-D indexes), the ARI and CLI, all normalized and given certain weight. The score should normally range from 1 to 100. In this case, the score is 55.

Other Information about Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom by Nathaniel Hawthorne

We provide you a sample of the text below, however, the full text of the Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom is also available free of charge on our website.

Sample of text:

Kungen beslöt sig då för, att tillsvidare återvända till skeppet och tala om för sina följeslagare hvad han hade sett. Vid sin återkomst till hafsstranden var Ulysses nog lycklig att döda en utomordentlig stor hjort, hvilken han genomborrade med sitt kastspjut. Han tog det fallna djuret på sina axlar, ty Ulysses var en märkvärdigt stark karl; då han sedermera hade anländt till sina kamrater, kastade han det för deras fötter. Jag har redan gifvit eder en vink om den gliipsk-het, som utmärkte dessa menniskor. Enligt de underrättelser, som jag har varit i stånd till ...

Top most frequently used words in Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom by Nathaniel Hawthorne*

Position Word Repetitions Part of all words
Position Word Repetitions Part of all words
1 och 1,231 2.75%
2 att 1,202 2.68%
3 en 837 1.87%
4 som 668 1.49%
5 af 654 1.46%
6 den 640 1.43%
7 det 638 1.42%
8 på 591 1.32%
9 han 569 1.27%
10 med 551 1.23%
11 sig 543 1.21%
12 hade 456 1.02%
13 till 449 1%
14 de 435 0.97%
15 för 422 0.94%
16 var 404 0.9%
17 ett 387 0.86%
18 icke 340 0.76%
19 så 289 0.65%
20 hans 283 0.63%
21 sin 272 0.61%
22 om 266 0.59%
23 jag 240 0.54%
24 honom 238 0.53%
25 hon 223 0.5%
26 du 211 0.47%
27 då 210 0.47%
28 är 209 0.47%
29 skulle 185 0.41%
30 denna 174 0.39%
31 deras 171 0.38%
32 dem 166 0.37%
33 mig 164 0.37%
34 sina 158 0.35%
35 än 156 0.35%
36 hafva 149 0.33%
37 har 148 0.33%
38 dig 143 0.32%
39 dessa 138 0.31%
40 hvilken 135 0.3%
41 vid 130 0.29%
42 öfver 123 0.27%
43 skall 123 0.27%
44 hvilka 121 0.27%
45 under 120 0.27%
46 eller 116 0.26%
47 från 116 0.26%
48 man 113 0.25%
49 kunde 113 0.25%
50 detta 107 0.24%
51 alla 103 0.23%
52 nu 97 0.22%
53 Men 96 0.21%
54 min 92 0.21%
55 sitt 90 0.2%
56 åt 89 0.2%
57 vara 88 0.2%
58 genom 85 0.19%
59 utan 84 0.19%
60 voro 84 0.19%
61 henne 81 0.18%
62 Theseus 77 0.17%
63 der 74 0.17%
64 Jason 73 0.16%
65 blott 73 0.16%
66 jorden 73 0.16%
67 hennes 71 0.16%
68 sade 69 0.15%
69 ännu 68 0.15%
70 din 67 0.15%
71 upp 66 0.15%
72 mera 65 0.15%
73 andra 64 0.14%
74 kung 64 0.14%
75 mycket 63 0.14%
76 hvars 63 0.14%
77 ögonblick 62 0.14%
78 emot 59 0.13%
79 eder 59 0.13%
80 hvad 56 0.13%
81 kan 55 0.12%
82 ty 55 0.12%
83 svarade 53 0.12%
84 efter 52 0.12%
85 göra 52 0.12%
86 enda 50 0.11%
87 Ulysses 50 0.11%
88 någon 50 0.11%
89 hvilket 49 0.11%
90 varit 49 0.11%
91 hela 47 0.1%
92 denne 47 0.1%
93 vi 47 0.1%
94 blifva 46 0.1%
95 aldrig 46 0.1%
96 moder 45 0.1%
97 stor 45 0.1%
98 barn 45 0.1%
99 ifrån 44 0.1%
100 blifvit 44 0.1%
101 lika 43 0.1%
102 vill 43 0.1%
103 se 43 0.1%
104 väl 42 0.09%
105 ned 42 0.09%
106 ni 41 0.09%
107 Proserpina 41 0.09%
108 sjelf 41 0.09%
109 samma 41 0.09%
110 äro 41 0.09%
111 få 40 0.09%
112 gick 40 0.09%
113 hvarje 40 0.09%
114 tid 40 0.09%
115 två 39 0.09%
116 gång 39 0.09%
117 stora 38 0.08%
118 oss 38 0.08%
119 bort 37 0.08%
120 komma 37 0.08%
121 dess 37 0.08%
122 helt 37 0.08%
123 unga 37 0.08%
124 låta 36 0.08%
125 gå 36 0.08%
126 också 36 0.08%
127 måste 36 0.08%
128 något 36 0.08%
129 ord 36 0.08%
130 Herkules 36 0.08%
131 ur 36 0.08%
132 fram 35 0.08%
133 redan 34 0.08%
134 förr 34 0.08%
135 lif 34 0.08%
136 såg 33 0.07%
137 några 33 0.07%
138 hos 33 0.07%
139 genast 33 0.07%
140 omkring 33 0.07%
141 blef 33 0.07%
142 kunna 33 0.07%
143 huru 32 0.07%
144 steg 32 0.07%
145 unge 32 0.07%
146 ändå 32 0.07%
147 snart 32 0.07%
148 första 31 0.07%
149 när 31 0.07%
150 Minotaurus 31 0.07%
151 började 31 0.07%
152 små 31 0.07%
153 in 30 0.07%
154 Pluto 30 0.07%
155 tillbaka 30 0.07%
156 ögon 30 0.07%
157 mina 30 0.07%
158 gyllene 30 0.07%
159 allt 30 0.07%
160 ut 30 0.07%
161 sätt 30 0.07%
162 hand 30 0.07%
163 kom 30 0.07%
164 röst 29 0.06%
165 här 29 0.06%
166 litet 29 0.06%
167 mest 28 0.06%
168 stackars 28 0.06%
169 kände 28 0.06%
170 ropade 28 0.06%
171 visade 28 0.06%
172 resa 28 0.06%
173 hjerta 28 0.06%
174 annan 27 0.06%
175 åter 27 0.06%
176 derpå 27 0.06%
177 fader 27 0.06%
178 Ceres 27 0.06%
179 många 27 0.06%
180 son 26 0.06%
181 annat 26 0.06%
182 blick 26 0.06%

This list excludes punctuation or single-letter words, also some different-case repeats of the same words.

If you think the text would be accessible to you, you can read it on our site (click on the cover to access):

Cover of Grekiska sägner berättade för ungdom by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Other resources and languages

If you like this analysis, you should have a look at out our lists of Swedish short stories and Swedish books.

If you like literature as a means to learn languages - please take a look at our project Interlinear Books. We even have a Swedish Interlinear book available for purchase.